If your system is spontaneously rebooting, this article provides steps to isolate the cause.

NOTE: There is a subtle but important difference between a reboot and a shutdown/power-off. In a reboot, parts of the system are left powered on to facilitate restarting the system. In a shutdown/power-off, hardware from all parts of the system except charging circuitry and capacitors is powered down.

Troubleshooting (Device Agnostic)

Software Causes

Anything not directly affected by hardware is controlled by software. This includes the kernel, drivers, and desktop environment. The Operating System (OS), is essentially a software program that controls other software programs.

If anything running in software causes a large enough cascade effect, it can take the rest of the system down and cause reboots or shut-offs.

Software factors that can cause spontaneous reboots or crashes, include but are not limited to:

1. Kernel Panics
2. Kernel or Desktop Process Crashes
3. Application Memory Leaks
4. Driver Errors
5. User Configuration Error
6. Corrupted Operating System Files

Possible Solutions

Check for Memory Leaks

If an app is taking more than its fair share of system memory, that can have a runaway effect resulting in shutdowns or restarts.

Applications are available to help diagnose memory leaks.

From the Terminal run the top command to see which processes are using the most system resources:

Open a Terminal with SUPER+T (Pop!_OS) or CTRL+ALT+T (Ubuntu) run the following commands:

top

If a GUI tool is preferred, and you are running Pop!_OS or Ubuntu, open "System Monitor":

Remove or Reinstall Drivers

If a package is misbehaving or corrupted, try reinstalling it or removing it. This can be done with the following Terminal commands.

NOTE: replace [packagename] with the same of the application or driver you are are trying to reinstall. Do not include the "[ ]" around the name.

sudo apt update
sudo apt install --reinstall [packagename]

To more completely remove the package:

sudo apt update
sudo apt remove [packagename]
sudo apt clean
sudo apt autoremove

For more information, check out our Package Management Pop!_OS Article or the Ubuntu Equivalent

Test Admin User

Sometimes, an intentional or unintentional change to system configuration files can cause unexpected boot behavior, and is only limited to the user that made the changes.

To test whether the problem exists at a user-level or system-level, create a test administrator account and see if the reboots or shutdowns occur there.

For more information, visit our User Management Article

Upgrade or Reinstall OS

Sometimes, a problem is endemic enough that it warrants a new OS version or a clean reinstall of the OS. We have several help articles that go over this process:

0. Back up your personal files using the steps here

1. Upgrade the Current OS:

   Instructions for Upgrading PopOS Instructions for Upgrading Ubuntu

2. Boot from a Live Disk for Clean Install:

   Make a Live Disk

3. Access the BIOS/Boot Menu

4. Reinstall the OS:

   Install Pop Install Ubuntu

RAM Issues

The first step in the boot process is to assess the available hardware and load required resources into memory.

If your system is not POSTing (Power On Self Test), typically you'll get symptoms like the following:

1. The system powers on, but nothing loads.

2. The system gets to a splash screen/logo, but crashes shortly afterwards.

   It may reach a login screen or desktop, but the system is unstable.

   This usually indicates an issue with RAM (Random Access Memory). Despite the name, the system tends to use similar areas of RAM when booting (for example, the RAM module in Slot 1 is accessed first). The earlier in the boot process the system hits bad sectors of RAM, the sooner the system will freeze or reboot.

   If the system is booting to a desktop, the first troubleshooting step is to run stress tests on the memory. If the stress test completes, it will show error messages for your RAM. If the test doesn't complete it will likely trigger the issue, and indicate that RAM is to blame.

To Test RAM

The application Memtester can be used to scan the RAM sticks for bad sectors. Memtester can be run from your booted OS, or from a Live Environment. This can be a Live USB, or the Recovery Partition

1. Install Memtester

   Open a Terminal with SUPER+T (Pop!_OS) or CTRL+ALT+T (Ubuntu) run the following commands:

   sudo apt update
   sudo apt install memtester
   

   The first command will make sure your package lists are up to date. The second will install the application memtester.

2. Once memtester is installed, instruct it to test most of the RAM, leaving enough for the OS to continue running.

   For example, if your system has 16GB of RAM, test 12GB or 14GB.

   To start the test, run these Terminal commands:

   sudo memtester 12GB 3 > ~/memtester.txt
   

This command will run memtester and test 12GB of RAM 3 times, then save the output to a file called "memtester.txt" in your Home folder.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Close all applications other than Terminal when you run memtester. This will likely take a few hours (the application runs multiple passes over the memory) so it would be best to run it overnight.

Thermals

Modern hardware is designed to shut systems down when they reach temperatures that may be damaging to the internal components. Typically, these thresholds are in the upper 80s or 90s Celsius, depending on hardware.

If your system is spontaneously shutting down, this may be caused by overheating. Systems with dedicated GPUs tend to run hot under normal circumstances, so noticing an overheating problem can be challenging from ambient temperature alone.

The temperatures of your CPU cores and GPU card can be checked through software.

Run lm-sensors

lm-sensors (installed by default on Pop!_OS) is a text-based tool that runs in a Terminal.

1. Install lm-sensors (If not installed)

   Open a Terminal with SUPER+T (Pop!_OS) or CTRL+ALT+T (Ubuntu) run the following commands:

   sudo apt update
   sudo apt install lm-sensors
   

2. Get Sensor Output

   sensors
   

This command will generate output like this:

coretemp-isa-0000
Adapter: ISA adapter
Package id 0:  +55.0°C  (high = +100.0°C, crit = +100.0°C)
Core 0:        +53.0°C  (high = +100.0°C, crit = +100.0°C)
Core 1:        +53.0°C  (high = +100.0°C, crit = +100.0°C)
Core 2:        +53.0°C  (high = +100.0°C, crit = +100.0°C)
Core 3:        +53.0°C  (high = +100.0°C, crit = +100.0°C)
Core 4:        +55.0°C  (high = +100.0°C, crit = +100.0°C)
Core 5:        +53.0°C  (high = +100.0°C, crit = +100.0°C)
Core 6:        +52.0°C  (high = +100.0°C, crit = +100.0°C)
Core 7:        +54.0°C  (high = +100.0°C, crit = +100.0°C)

system76_acpi-acpi-0
Adapter: ACPI interface
CPU fan:        0 RPM
GPU fan:        0 RPM
CPU temp:     +55.0°C
GPU temp:     +54.0°C

iwlwifi_1-virtual-0
Adapter: Virtual device
temp1:        +69.0°C

pch_cometlake-virtual-0
Adapter: Virtual device
temp1:        +60.0°C

BAT0-acpi-0
Adapter: ACPI interface
in0:          12.95 V
curr1:         0.00 A

Psensor

If you prefer a GUI tool which provides graphing over time, the application Psensor can be installed from the Pop!_Shop, or through the Terminal with this command:

1. Install (Terminal):

   sudo apt install psensor
   

2. Install Through Pop!_Shop

   

3. Run Psensor:

   In a Terminal run:

   psensor
   

Or, to launch through the OS interface, click on "Activities" in the top-left (Pop!_OS 20.04 LTS, or Ubuntu), or "Applications" (Pop!_OS COSMIC) and search for "Psensor"

High Temperatures

If the system temperatures are abnormally high, the fans may need replaced, and/or the thermal compound may need re-applied to the CPU and GPU cores.

Specific instructions for working on your hardware model can be found here

Quotes for replacement fans and thermal paste can be generated on open support tickets. To open a support ticket, visit this link

Drive Issues

When programs and files are not being stored in RAM, they are stored on the drive. Similar issues can occur with a failing hard drive as with memory; If there's a read/write issue, or electrical interference, this can cause unexpected shutdowns.

Different drive types have different specifications and write or transfer data at different speeds. They also have different power requirements, and communicate with mainboards through different ports.

M.2 Drives

There are two types of M.2 style drives that ship in System76 machines. M.2 SATA, and NVMe. Both use M.2 ports on the mainboard, but each have different transfer speeds, power profiles, and connection protocols.

2.5" SATA Drives

2.5" SATA drives all use the same form factor, but their internals and power consumption differ whether they are solid state, or RPM ("spinning rust") drives.

The number and age of these drives installed in a system can have an impact on power consumption, or boot/reboot behavior. Boot behavior can be affected especially if there are operating systems installed on the drives, and the boot configurations of those operating systems has been corrupted, or if the drives themselves are failing.

A failing drive can do more than cause issues loading things, or when booting. Depending on how the hardware is interacting with the mainboard, it can cause electrical or performance issues for the system as a whole.

Troubleshooting

To troubleshoot drive hardware issues, try booting to a different drive or to the BIOS with some or all of the drives removed.

Try booting with the drives in different drive slots/bays.

Check the drive(s) for errors from a live disk, as outlined here: [Diagnose Hardware]

Laptop Specific Troubleshooting

There are several reasons why a laptop may spontaneously reboot. Typically it has to do with a thermal or power delivery issue, but it can also be caused by faults in the memory modules or errors with the drive. RAM and disk problems are more likely to cause a spontaneous reboot. Thermals or power delivery-issues are more likely to cause spontaneous shut-offs.

Power Delivery

On System76 laptops, the charging circuitry, and power circuitry are partially independent from each other. The system will power on and function normally with the battery removed. This means that a spontaneous power-off could be caused by either a problem with the AC Adapter, or the Battery.

Battery

As lithium-ion batteries age, their ability to hold a charge, and accurately report charging estimates deteriorates.

For example, the OS may be reporting that the laptop has enough charge to stay on for another hour, but in reality the battery may fully discharge in 15 minutes. This situation can lead to spontaneous shutoffs that do not immediately appear to be battery related.

Battery Statistics

Battery statistics can be retrieved using the following Terminal command:

upower -d

That will generate output like this:

Device: /org/freedesktop/UPower/devices/line_power_AC
  native-path:          AC
  power supply:         yes
  updated:              Wed 11 Aug 2021 10:13:38 AM MDT (6762 seconds ago)
  has history:          no
  has statistics:       no
  line-power
    warning-level:       none
    online:              yes
    icon-name:          'ac-adapter-symbolic'

Device: /org/freedesktop/UPower/devices/battery_BAT0
  native-path:          BAT0
  vendor:               Notebook
  model:                BAT
  serial:               0001
  power supply:         yes
  updated:              Wed 11 Aug 2021 12:05:38 PM MDT (42 seconds ago)
  has history:          yes
  has statistics:       yes
  battery
    present:             yes
    rechargeable:        yes
    state:               fully-charged
    warning-level:       none
    energy:              69.54 Wh
    energy-empty:        0 Wh
    energy-full:         70.1784 Wh
    energy-full-design:  70.68 Wh
    energy-rate:         25.6956 W
    voltage:             12.953 V
    percentage:          99%
    capacity:            99.2903%
    technology:          lithium-ion
    icon-name:          'battery-full-charged-symbolic'

Device: /org/freedesktop/UPower/devices/DisplayDevice
  power supply:         yes
  updated:              Wed 11 Aug 2021 10:33:38 AM MDT (5562 seconds ago)
  has history:          no
  has statistics:       no
  battery
    present:             yes
    state:               fully-charged
    warning-level:       none
    energy:              69.54 Wh
    energy-full:         70.1784 Wh
    energy-rate:         25.6956 W
    percentage:          99%
    icon-name:          'battery-full-charged-symbolic'

Daemon:
  daemon-version:  0.99.11
  on-battery:      no
  lid-is-closed:   no
  lid-is-present:  yes
  critical-action: HybridSleep

Specific sections to pay attention to are capacity, energy-full, and energy-full-design. These indicate how well the battery is aging, and assessing it's own charging capabilities.

    energy-full:         70.1784 Wh
    energy-full-design:  70.68 Wh

energy-full should never be higher than energy-full-design. If it is, that indicates a problem with the integrated chip on the battery, and may be why charging reports are incorrect, and why, by extension, the system is shutting off unexpectedly.

capacity is a good way to gauge the age and health of the battery. If capacity is 70% or lower, the battery is showing aging, and won't hold as much charge as it did when new.

NOTE: This number will gradually decrease over time from ~100% to 0%. Having a capacity of 95% and steadily decreasing as the battery gets older is expected behavior. Sudden drops in capacity, however, can indicate hardware failure.

AC Adapter

There are four (4) main components that can be the cause of spontaneous shut-offs related to the AC Adapter:

1. The cable from the wall outlet to the PSU/"brick".
2. The PSU/"brick" and the DC cable to the laptop.
3. DC-In Port on the laptop.
4. Charging circuitry on the mainboard.

Stress to the cabling, or short-circuits on components 1 or 2 can cause shut-offs. If the cable is moved while connected and the damaged part of the cable shifts enough, current into the laptop is interrupted. If the battery is removed, or no longer holding a charge, this interruption can cause the system to power down.

Removing the battery, connecting the AC adapter and moving or rotating the cable components one section at a time can reveal which part of the cabling may need replaced.

If moving the plug in the DC-In port on the laptop specifically causes the issue, it's more likely that the DC-In port needs replaced or re-soldered onto the board.

Both the DC-In port and issues with the mainboard charging circuitry require systems to be brought in for repairs. To open a support ticket, visit: this link

Desktop Specific Troubleshooting

The main difference in troubleshooting desktop reboots vs. laptop reboots are the battery, and greater disassembly options (i.e. more parts to troubleshoot). With a desktop computer (excepting the Meerkat), the power delivery system consists of the PSU, and the cable from the PSU to the wall. Unless a battery backup is added via an Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) an issue in the power delivery system will shut the system off.

Unlike most laptops, the GPU card can be removed or re-seated in desktop computers which can help with boot and screen rendering issues.

Thelios include a SATA passthrough device called the Thelio I/O board. If that passthrough device, the SATA cables or any of the drives connected through them are having issues this can cause booting/rebooting issues.

On the Meerkats, the Power Supply consists of a power cable similar to a laptop with a wall plug, "brick" and DC-In plug.

Locate Service Manuals for your Desktop here

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

On most of the Thelio configurations there is some room for changes in power delivery. However, on some larger models like the Thelio Mega, Major or Massive, the GPUs and PSUs draw a greater amount of wattage.

Factors that may influence reboots/power-offs:

1. Thelio is connected to a UPS instead of directly to the wall.
2. Thelio is connected to the wall, but the outlet is on a circuit with other, large home appliances.
3. Faulty or disconnected wiring in the cable from the wall to the Thelio PSU.
4. Failing PSU inside the Thelio.
5. Faulty or disconnected internal cabling between the PSU and the rest of the Thelio components.

If any of the above factors disconnect power, or reduce overall power reaching the Thelio, the system may reboot or shut off.